Many individuals experience discomfort and pain during their menstrual cycle, and it’s not unusual for the vagina and pelvic region to feel sore. But why does this happen? Understanding the reasons behind this discomfort is important for better management and knowing when to seek medical attention.
Here’s what a doctor would say about why vaginal pain can occur during periods.
1. Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea)
The most common cause of vaginal pain during periods is menstrual cramps, known medically as dysmenorrhea. These cramps happen when the uterus contracts to shed its lining, a process that is regulated by the hormone prostaglandin. High levels of prostaglandins cause the muscles in the uterus to contract more strongly, which can radiate pain to the surrounding pelvic areas, including the vagina.
Symptoms:
- Lower abdominal cramping
- Pain radiating to the back or legs
- Aching or throbbing sensations
2. Hormonal Changes
The hormonal fluctuations that occur throughout the menstrual cycle also play a significant role in vaginal discomfort. During menstruation, the levels of estrogen and progesterone drop, which can cause the vaginal tissues to become drier or more sensitive, leading to soreness.
Symptoms:
- Vaginal dryness
- Increased sensitivity to touch or pressure
- A burning or itching sensation
3. Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a condition where the tissue that usually lines the uterus grows outside of it. This tissue responds to hormonal changes and can cause severe pain, especially during menstruation. This condition can lead to deeper, more localized pelvic pain and sometimes discomfort in the vagina due to the inflammation and scarring.
Symptoms:
- Chronic pelvic pain
- Pain during intercourse
- Heavy or irregular periods
- Infertility in some cases
4. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is an infection of the reproductive organs, often caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like chlamydia or gonorrhea. It can cause significant pain during menstruation, and it’s important to treat PID early to avoid long-term complications such as infertility.
Symptoms:
- Lower abdominal pain or pelvic tenderness
- Abnormal vaginal discharge
- Fever
- Painful urination or sexual intercourse
5. Vaginal Infections
Infections like yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis (BV) can also contribute to vaginal pain, especially around the time of menstruation. Menstruation can alter the vaginal pH and environment, making it easier for infections to thrive. Symptoms often include itching, burning, unusual discharge, and discomfort during periods.
Symptoms of Vaginal Infections:
- Itching or burning sensations
- Abnormal discharge (thick, white, or grayish)
- Odor
- Pain during intercourse or while using tampons
6. Fibroids and Ovarian Cysts
Uterine fibroids and ovarian cysts are common conditions that can cause pelvic and vaginal pain during periods. Fibroids are non-cancerous growths in the uterus, while cysts form on the ovaries. These conditions can cause pressure or pain, particularly when the body is already inflamed during menstruation.
Symptoms:
- Heavy periods or bleeding between cycles
- Pelvic pain or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen
- Pain during intercourse
- Lower back pain
7. Stress and Anxiety
Stress can impact the body in many ways, including causing tension in the pelvic muscles. Psychological factors such as anxiety, depression, and stress can amplify menstrual pain. The physical response to stress, like muscle tightness or an upset stomach, may also increase vaginal discomfort during periods.
Symptoms:
- Increased vaginal sensitivity
- Tightness or tension in the pelvic area
- Exacerbated cramps or pain
8. Sexual Activity and Positioning
Certain sexual positions or vigorous activity during periods can trigger or worsen vaginal discomfort. This could be due to added pressure or friction in an already sensitive area. However, sexual activity can also sometimes help alleviate cramps by releasing endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers.
Symptoms:
- Pain during or after intercourse
- Soreness or discomfort around the vaginal opening
- Increased sensitivity
When to See a Doctor
If vaginal pain during periods is persistent, severe, or accompanied by other concerning symptoms like heavy bleeding, fever, or abnormal discharge, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider. Conditions like endometriosis, PID, and fibroids require medical attention and sometimes treatment to prevent long-term issues.
Conclusion
Vaginal pain during periods is a common issue experienced by many individuals, often due to natural bodily processes like hormonal changes and menstrual cramps. However, if the pain is intense or doesn’t resolve, there could be underlying medical conditions such as endometriosis or infections. A healthcare professional can help diagnose the cause and provide treatment options, so you can manage the discomfort effectively.
