What is Diabetes Mellitus? Learn from the Expert

Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period. It occurs when the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar levels and allowing glucose to enter cells for energy.

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:

1. Type 1 Diabetes
   • An autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
   • Usually diagnosed in children or young adults.
   • Patients require lifelong insulin therapy.
2. Type 2 Diabetes
   • The most common form of diabetes, often linked to obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and genetics.
   • The body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin.
   • Managed through lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes insulin therapy.
3. Gestational Diabetes
   • Develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth.
   • Increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Genetics – A family history of diabetes increases the risk.
• Obesity – Excess fat, especially around the abdomen, leads to insulin resistance.
• Sedentary Lifestyle – Lack of physical activity contributes to weight gain and insulin resistance.
• Unhealthy Diet – High sugar and processed food consumption can increase the risk.
• Hormonal Changes (Gestational Diabetes) – Pregnancy hormones can lead to temporary insulin resistance.

Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

• Frequent urination (polyuria)
• Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
• Extreme hunger (polyphagia)
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Slow-healing wounds
• Tingling or numbness in hands and feet

Complications of Diabetes

If left uncontrolled, diabetes can lead to severe complications, including:

• Heart disease and stroke
• Kidney failure (diabetic nephropathy)
• Nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy)
• Vision loss (diabetic retinopathy)
• Foot ulcers and amputations

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis:

• Fasting Blood Sugar Test – Measures glucose levels after fasting for 8 hours.
• Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) – Measures blood sugar after consuming a glucose drink.
• HbA1c Test – Measures average blood sugar levels over 2-3 months.

Treatment and Management:

• Lifestyle Changes: Healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management.
• Medications: Oral antidiabetic drugs (e.g., metformin) or insulin therapy.
• Monitoring: Regular blood sugar monitoring to prevent complications.

Prevention Tips from Experts

1. Maintain a Healthy Diet – Eat fiber-rich foods, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
2. Exercise Regularly – Engage in at least 30 minutes of physical activity daily.
3. Monitor Blood Sugar Levels – Regularly check blood glucose levels, especially if at risk.
4. Maintain a Healthy Weight – Losing even a small amount of weight can improve insulin sensitivity.
5. Manage Stress – High stress levels can impact blood sugar control.

Final Thoughts

Diabetes mellitus is a serious but manageable condition. With proper lifestyle choices, medication, and regular monitoring, individuals with diabetes can lead a healthy and fulfilling life. If you experience symptoms or have risk factors, consult a healthcare professional for early diagnosis and intervention.

For expert advice, always reach out to an endocrinologist or a diabetes specialist.